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CANCER INCIDENCE
RATES
ABSTRACT
Among
various diseases, cancer has become a big threat to human beings globally. As
per Indian population census data, the rate of mortality due to cancer in India
was high and alarming with about 806000 existing cases by the end of the last
century. Cancer is the second most common disease in India responsible for
maximum mortality with about 0.3 million deaths per year. This is owing to the
poor availability of prevention, diagnosis and treatment of the disease. All
types of cancers have been reported in Indian population including the cancers
of skin, lungs, breast, rectum, stomach, prostate, liver, cervix, esophagus,
bladder, blood, mouth etc. The causes of such high incidence rates of these
cancers may be both internal (genetic, mutations, hormonal, poor immune
conditions) and external or environmental factors (food habits,
industrialization, over growth of population, social etc.). In view of these
facts, the present article describes the status of various types of cancers in
India and its comparison at global level. Besides, attempts have been made to
describe the main causes of cancer along with their preventive measures. In
addition to this, efforts have also been made to predict the effect of
increasing number of cancer patients on the Indian economy.
INTRODUCTION
In
spite of good advancements for diagnosis and treatment, cancer is still a big
threat to our society (Kotnis et al, 2005). This is the second most common
disease after cardiovascular disorders for maximum deaths in the world (Jemal
et al, 2007). It accounts for about 23 and 7% deaths in USA and India,
respectively. The world’s population is expected to be 7.5 billion by 2020 and
approximations predict that about 15.0 million new cancer cases will be diagnosed;
with deaths of about 12.0 million cancer patients (Brayand et al, 2006). The
prevalence of cancer in India is estimated to be around 2.5 million, with about
8, 00,000 new cases and 5, 50,000 deaths per annum (Nandakumar, 1990-96).
According to 1991 Indian census data, about 609000 cancer cases have been
observed. This number had drastically increased to 806,000 by the end of the
last century; with 96.4 and 88.2% age standardized rates for males and females;
out of 100,000 cases analyzed (Rao et al, 1998). During last one decade, about
70% cancer cases have been diagnosed and treated with survival of a few
patients (Dinshaw et al, 1999). It is believed that in near future the number
of cancer patients will increase in the developing and under developed countries,
which may rise up to 70%; a serious issue for all of us. The magnitude of
cancer problem in the Indian Sub-continent (sheer numbers) is increasing due to
poor to moderate living standards (Wynder et al, 1974) and inadequate medical
facilities. Most frequently observed cancers in Indian population are of lungs,
breast, colon, rectum, stomach and liver (Nandakumar, 1990-96; Rao et al, 1998;
Murthy et al, 2004). Nowadays, India is growing with a good progress rate and
probably will become a developed country within a few decades resulting into
its participation in the world development. Therefore, it is important to study
the status of cancers in India so that advance measures may be taken to control
this havoc in near future. In view of these facts, attempts have been made to
study the status of cancers in India including its causes, preventive measures,
effect on Indian economy and comparison with global scenario.
MODULES
The methodology to reduce cancer is to
study the status of cancers in India so that advance measures may be taken to
control.
Cancer scenario in India:
Based on the increasing trends of cancer patients during the last few decades,
the numbers of cancer patients have been predicted by the end of 2015 and 2020
in India. These compiled data show that the number of male, female and the
total cancer patients in 2004 were 390809, 428545 and 819354 respectively. The
number of male and female cancer patients increased continuously up to 2009,
with 454842, 507990 and 962832 cases for male, female and total cancer
patients, respectively. Similarly, 462408 male cancer patients and 517378
female cancer patients were recorded, with a total number of 979786 patients in
2010. Thus, it is clear from this Figure that the number of cancer cases has
increased gradually with time. Moreover, a prediction of cancer patients in 2015
and 2020, respectively, has also been made.
The
different types of cancers observed in India are Lung cancer, Breast cancer,
Stomach cancer, Gall bladder cancer, Cervical cancer, Oral cancer,
Miscellaneous cancers.
Indian states and cancers:
The most effected states of India due to this cancer are Jammu & Kashmir,
Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, Uttarakhand, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Jharkhand, West
Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Tripura and Manipur. It is also clear from this
Figure that cervical cancer is the second most common form of malignancy in
female population of Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Rajasthan, Goa, Tamil Nadu,
West Bengal while it stands at third position in females of Punjab, Andhra
Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. Breast cancer is the most common form of cancer in
the women of Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, Rajasthan, Nagaland and Goa, and the
second most common form of malignancy in females of Punjab, Maharashtra and
Gujarat.
Cancer causes in India:
The cancer causes in India are almost same as in other parts of the world. The
chemical, biological and other environmental identities are responsible for
uncontrolled and unorganized proliferation of cells (carcinogens). Basically,
under special circumstances carcinogens interact with DNA of the normal cells resulting
into a series of complex multistep processes responsible for uncontrolled cell
proliferation or tumors (Carmaeia, 1993). The causes for cancers can be both
either internal factors like inherited mutations, hormones, and immune
conditions or environmental factors such as tobacco, diet, radiation, and other
infectious agents. A significant variation of cancer has been reported due to
life styles and food habits (Helbock et al, 1998). For example, Asians have 25
and 10 times lower incidences of prostate and breast cancers, respectively, as
compared to Western countries which may be attributed to comparatively simple
life styles adopted by Asians, and safe sexual practices.
Preventive measures of cancer in
India: As per the proverb, “prevention is better than
cure” the prevention strategies are crucial in cancer eradication. This
approach offers a great public health concern and inexpensive long term method
of cancer control. National Cancer Control Programme (started in 1975- 1976 in
India) led to the development of Regional Cancer Centers (RCCs), a number of
oncology wings in Medical Colleges; supported the purchase of teletherapy
machines. District Cancer Control Programme was also initiated but could not
result into sustainable and productive activity (National Cancer Control
Programme). The education should focus on harmful effects of tobacco and
discourage its use.
Algorithms:
ü Linear
Regression
ü Naïve
Baye’s Algorithm
ü K-NN
Algorithm
ü Support
Vector Machines
EXISTING SYSTEM
During last one decade, about 70% cancer cases have
been diagnosed and treated with survival of a few patients (Dinshaw et al,
1999). It is believed that in near future the number of cancer patients will
increase in the developing and under developed countries, which may rise up to
70%; a serious issue for all of us. The magnitude of cancer problem in the
Indian Sub-continent (sheer numbers) is increasing due to poor to moderate
living standards (Wynder et al, 1974) and inadequate medical facilities. Most
frequently observed cancers in Indian population are of lungs, breast, colon,
rectum, stomach and liver.
PROPOSED SYSTEM
India is growing with a good progress rate and
probably will become a developed country within a few decades resulting into
its participation in the world development. Therefore, it is important to study
the status of cancers in India so that advance measures may be taken to control
this havoc in near future. In view of these facts, attempts have been made to
study the status of cancers in India including its causes, preventive measures,
effect on Indian economy and comparison with global scenario.
In
view of these facts, the present article describes the status of various types
of cancers in India and its comparison at global level. Besides, attempts have
been made to describe the main causes of cancer along with their preventive
measures. In addition to this, efforts have also been made to predict the
effect of increasing number of cancer patients on the Indian economy.
·
readFIPS.py: script to ensure that proper Census Tract codes are
attached to each record in the table. In this case, the air emissions data was
supplied with latitude and longitude coordinates for each facility. We used the
FCC API to return the U.S. Census Bureau Census Block number (i.e. the 15
character FIPS Code) given the passed latitude and longitude for each facility.
·
airEmissions.py: script for processing and cleaning.
·
main.py file: to incorporate within the model and perform the
linear regression perform using the ordinary least squares (OLS) method as
provided by the statsmodel library found within the SciPy python package. We
find that our cross-sectional air emissions data is heteroscedastic and
therefore we run our OLS model using heteroscedastic standard errors by calling
the HC0 method within statsmodel.
·
Found within the SciPy python package. We find that our
cross-sectional air emissions data is heteroscedastic and therefore we run our
OLS model using heteroscedastic standard errors by calling the HC0 method
within statsmodel.
CONCLUSION
A
careful reading of the above discussion in this article clearly indicates an
increased number of cancer patients every year in India. Various factors
responsible for cancer genesis have been discussed, which need to be controlled
for their eradication. India is a growing country playing a crucial role in the
development of the whole world, and, hence, needs special attention on this
issue. We should create awareness among public about the cancer havoc and its
prevention. The different programs should be started by Government and NGOs for
creating awareness among Indian public. The diet and living style are important
factors to control the spreading of cancers and, hence, Indians should be
careful about these facts. Briefly, cancer is disturbing the growing economy of
the country, which can be saved by proper handling of this disease. In view of
these facts, it is very important to eradicate this havoc. Let us hope for the
best future of this country, which is playing an essential role in the development
of the whole world.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.
Abegunde D,
Mathers C, Adam T, Ortegon M, Strong K (2007) The burden and costs of chronic
diseases in lowincome and middle-income countries. The Lancet 370,1929-38.
2.
Alabaster O
(1972) Colorectal Cancer: Epidemiology risks and prevention. JP Lippincott,
Philadelphia.
3.
Ali I,
Rahis-ud-din, Saleem k, Aboul-Enein HY, Rather MA (2011) Social Aspects of
Cancer Genesis. Cancer Therapy 8, 6-14
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